Plivo Node.js Next.js Supabase Inbound Two-Way SMS Messaging Tutorial

This comprehensive guide shows you how to build a production-ready Node.js application using Express to receive and reply to inbound SMS messages with Plivo's API. You'll learn how to handle incoming text messages, implement two-way SMS conversations, and create interactive messaging workflows that power customer support chatbots, automated reply systems, and real-time SMS interactions.

By the end of this tutorial, you'll have a secure Express webhook endpoint that receives SMS messages sent to your Plivo phone number, processes incoming message data, and automatically sends customized replies back to users—the essential foundation for building conversational SMS applications with Node.js and Plivo.

What You'll Build: Two-Way SMS System Overview

What We're Building: A Node.js Express server that acts as a webhook endpoint for Plivo. When an SMS message is sent to a designated Plivo phone number, Plivo will forward the message details to our Express application. The application will then process this information and instruct Plivo (via an XML response) to send a reply SMS back to the original sender.

Problem Solved: This enables applications to programmatically engage in two-way SMS conversations, moving beyond simple one-way outbound notifications. It allows businesses to receive and respond to customer inquiries, confirmations, support requests, or any interaction initiated via SMS.

Technologies Used:

• Node.js: A JavaScript runtime chosen for its event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, making it efficient for handling concurrent webhook requests typical of communication APIs.
• Express.js: A minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework providing robust features for building web and mobile applications, ideal for creating API endpoints and webhooks.
• Plivo: A cloud communications platform providing APIs for SMS, Voice, and more. We'll use their SMS API, Node.js SDK, and phone numbers. If you're new to Plivo, check out our Plivo basic SMS sending tutorial first.
• PlivoXML: Plivo uses XML documents (specifically, Plivo eXtensible Markup Language - PlivoXML) to control communication flows. Our Express app will generate PlivoXML to instruct Plivo on how to reply to messages.
• ngrok (for development): A utility to expose local development servers to the public internet, essential for testing Plivo webhooks which require a publicly accessible URL.
• dotenv: A module to load environment variables from a .env file into process.env, crucial for managing sensitive credentials securely.

For related SMS functionality, explore our guides on Plivo OTP and 2FA implementation and Plivo bulk SMS broadcasting.

System Architecture:

graph LR
    A[User's Phone] -- Sends SMS --> B(Plivo Network);
    B -- Receives SMS --> C(Plivo Platform);
    C -- HTTP POST Request (Message Details) --> D{Your Express App (Webhook Endpoint)};
    D -- Processes Request --> D;
    D -- Generates PlivoXML Reply --> E(HTTP Response with XML);
    E -- Sent Back To --> C;
    C -- Interprets XML --> C;
    C -- Sends Reply SMS --> B;
    B -- Delivers SMS --> A;

    style D fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px

Prerequisites:

• A Plivo account (Sign up for free).
• Node.js and npm (or yarn) installed on your system. (Download Node.js)
• Basic understanding of JavaScript, Node.js, and REST APIs.
• A text editor or IDE (like VS Code).
• git installed (optional, for version control).
• ngrok installed for local development testing (Download ngrok).

Step 1: Node.js Project Setup for Plivo SMS Webhooks

Let's initialize our Node.js project and install the necessary dependencies.

1. Create Project Directory: Open your terminal or command prompt and create a new directory for your project, then navigate into it.

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   mkdir plivo-sms-webhook
   cd plivo-sms-webhook

2. Initialize Node.js Project: Initialize the project using npm. The -y flag accepts the default settings.

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   npm init -y

   This creates a package.json file.

3. Install Dependencies: We need express for the web server, plivo for the Plivo Node.js SDK (specifically for generating XML responses easily and validation), and dotenv to manage environment variables. Modern versions of Express include body-parsing capabilities, so body-parser is often not needed separately.

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   npm install express plivo dotenv --save
   # or: npm i express plivo dotenv -S

4. Set Up Project Structure: Create a basic structure for clarity.

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   mkdir src
   mkdir src/middleware
   touch src/server.js
   touch src/middleware/validatePlivoWebhook.js
   touch .env
   touch .gitignore

   • src/server.js: This will contain our main application code.
   • src/middleware/validatePlivoWebhook.js: Will contain our webhook validation logic.
   • .env: This file will store sensitive information like API keys and phone numbers (it should not be committed to version control).
   • .gitignore: Specifies intentionally untracked files that Git should ignore.

5. Configure .gitignore: Add node_modules and .env to your .gitignore file to prevent committing them to version control.

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   # .gitignore
   
   node_modules/
   .env
   npm-debug.log*
   yarn-debug.log*
   yarn-error.log*

6. Set Up Environment Variables: Open the .env file and add placeholders for your Plivo credentials and configuration. We'll fill these in later.

   dotenvCopy

   # .env
   
   # Plivo Credentials (Find these in your Plivo Console dashboard)
   PLIVO_AUTH_ID=YOUR_PLIVO_AUTH_ID
   PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN=YOUR_PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN
   
   # Your Plivo Phone Number (Must be SMS-enabled and in E.164 format, e.g., +14155551234)
   PLIVO_NUMBER=YOUR_PLIVO_NUMBER_E164
   
   # Port for the local Express server
   PORT=3000
   
   # A secret for validating webhook authenticity (Generate a strong random string)
   PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET=YOUR_STRONG_RANDOM_SECRET

   Important: These YOUR_... values are placeholders. You must replace them with your actual Plivo credentials, number, and a unique secret you generate.

   • Why .env?: Storing sensitive data like API keys directly in code is a security risk. Environment variables allow you to keep credentials separate from your codebase, making it safer and easier to manage different configurations (development, production). The dotenv package makes using a .env file convenient during development. In production, you'll typically set these environment variables directly on your hosting platform.
   • PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET: This is not your Auth Token. It's a secret you define, which you will also configure in the Plivo console later. Plivo will use this secret to generate a signature for incoming webhooks, allowing your application to verify that the request genuinely came from Plivo.

Step 2: Implementing Inbound SMS Reception with Express

Now, let's write the basic Express server code to listen for incoming POST requests from Plivo.

1. Basic Server Setup (src/server.js): Open src/server.js and add the following code:

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   // src/server.js
   
   require('dotenv').config(); // Load environment variables from .env file
   const express = require('express');
   const plivo = require('plivo'); // Used later for generating XML and validation
   
   // --- Configuration ---
   const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;
   const PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET = process.env.PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET; // For validation
   
   // --- Express App Setup ---
   const app = express();
   
   // Use built-in Express middleware to parse URL-encoded bodies (common for webhooks)
   // Plivo sends data typically as application/x-www-form-urlencoded
   app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }));
   
   // --- Webhook Endpoint ---
   // Using app.post as Plivo typically sends POST requests for message webhooks
   app.post('/webhook/plivo/sms', (request, response) => {
       console.log("Received Plivo SMS Webhook Request:");
       console.log("Headers:", request.headers);
       console.log("Body:", request.body);
   
       // Extract key information from the Plivo request body
       // See Plivo docs for all available parameters:
       // https://www.plivo.com/docs/messaging/api/message#send-a-message-request-parameters
       const from_number = request.body.From;
       const to_number = request.body.To; // Your Plivo Number
       const text = request.body.Text;
       const message_uuid = request.body.MessageUUID; // Unique ID for the message
   
       console.log(`Message Received - From: ${from_number}, To: ${to_number}, Text: "${text}", UUID: ${message_uuid}`);
   
       // --- Placeholder for Validation (Implemented in Security Section) ---
       // In a production app, VALIDATE the webhook signature here *before* processing.
       // If validation fails, return a 403 Forbidden status immediately.
   
       // --- Placeholder for Reply Logic (Implemented in Next Section) ---
       // For now, just send a 200 OK to acknowledge receipt
       console.log("Acknowledging webhook receipt (no reply configured yet).");
       response.status(200).send("Webhook received successfully.");
   
       // --- Error Handling ---
       // Note: A more robust implementation is in the Error Handling section
   });
   
   // --- Start Server ---
   app.listen(PORT, () => {
       console.log(`Server is running on port ${PORT}`);
       console.log(`SMS Webhook Endpoint: http://localhost:${PORT}/webhook/plivo/sms`);
       if (!PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET || PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET === 'YOUR_STRONG_RANDOM_SECRET') {
           console.warn("⚠️ WARNING: PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET is not set or is using the default value in .env. Please set a strong secret for webhook validation.");
       }
   });

   • require('dotenv').config(): Loads variables from .env. Must be called early.
   • express.urlencoded({ extended: true }): This built-in Express middleware parses the incoming request body, which Plivo sends in application/x-www-form-urlencoded format, and makes it available as request.body. The extended: true option allows for rich objects and arrays to be encoded into the URL-encoded format, though Plivo's webhooks typically use simple key-value pairs.
   • app.post('/webhook/plivo/sms', ...): Defines the route that will listen for Plivo's webhook requests. We use /webhook/plivo/sms as a clear, descriptive path.
   • Logging: We log the incoming headers and body for debugging. This is very helpful during development.
   • Data Extraction: We pull the From, To, Text, and MessageUUID from request.body. These are standard parameters Plivo sends.
   • Acknowledgement: Currently, we just send a 200 OK status. Plivo expects a timely response to its webhook; otherwise, it might consider the delivery failed.

2. Run the Server Locally: Go back to your terminal (in the project root directory) and run:

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   node src/server.js

   You should see: Server is running on port 3000 SMS Webhook Endpoint: http://localhost:3000/webhook/plivo/sms (Optional Warning about PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET)

   Keep this server running.

Step 3: Sending Automated SMS Replies with PlivoXML

Now, let's modify the webhook endpoint to generate a PlivoXML response that tells Plivo to send a reply message.

1. Modify src/server.js: Update the /webhook/plivo/sms route handler as follows:

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   // src/server.js (Inside the app.post('/webhook/plivo/sms', ...) handler)
   
   // ... (Keep the initial logging and data extraction)
   
   console.log(`Message Received - From: ${from_number}, To: ${to_number}, Text: "${text}", UUID: ${message_uuid}`);
   
   // --- Placeholder for Validation (Implemented later) ---
   // VALIDATE HERE!
   
   // --- Generate PlivoXML Reply ---
   try {
       // Use the Plivo Node.js SDK's Response object to build the XML
       const r = new plivo.Response();
   
       // Define the parameters for the reply message
       const reply_params = {
           src: to_number,  // The reply comes *from* your Plivo number
           dst: from_number // The reply goes *to* the original sender
       };
   
       // The text content of your reply message
       const reply_text = `Thank you for your message: "${text}". We received it!`;
   
       // Add a <Message> element to the PlivoXML response
       r.addMessage(reply_text, reply_params);
   
       // Generate the XML string
       const xmlResponse = r.toXML();
   
       console.log("Generated PlivoXML Response:");
       console.log(xmlResponse);
   
       // Send the XML back to Plivo
       // Set the Content-Type header correctly to application/xml
       response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/xml');
       response.status(200).send(xmlResponse);
   
   } catch (error) {
       console.error("Error generating PlivoXML response:", error);
       // If XML generation fails, send a server error status
       response.status(500).send("Internal Server Error generating response.");
   }
   
   // ... (End of route handler)

   • plivo.Response(): Creates an object helper from the Plivo SDK to construct valid PlivoXML.
   • reply_params: Defines the src (source/sender) and dst (destination/recipient) for the reply message. Notice src is your Plivo number (to_number from the incoming message) and dst is the original sender (from_number from the incoming message).
   • r.addMessage(reply_text, reply_params): Adds a <Message> XML element to the response. This element tells Plivo to send an SMS with the specified text and parameters.
   • r.toXML(): Serializes the response object into a valid PlivoXML string.
   • response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/xml'): Crucial step. You must tell Plivo that the response body is XML.
   • response.status(200).send(xmlResponse): Sends the generated XML back to Plivo with a success status.
   • try...catch: Basic error handling around the XML generation.

2. Restart the Server: Stop the running server (Ctrl+C in the terminal) and restart it:

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   node src/server.js

Step 4: Connecting Your Webhook to Plivo's SMS Platform

Now we need to configure Plivo to send incoming SMS messages to our running application. Since our app is running locally, we'll use ngrok to create a public URL.

1. Start ngrok: Open a new terminal window (keep the Node server running in the first one). Navigate to where you installed ngrok (or ensure it's in your system's PATH). Start ngrok, telling it to forward to the port your Express app is listening on (default is 3000).

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   ngrok http 3000

   ngrok will display output similar to this:

   Session Status online Account Your Name (Plan: Free) Version x.x.x Region United States (us) Web Interface http://127.0.0.1:4040 Forwarding http://xxxxxxxx.ngrok.io -> http://localhost:3000 Forwarding https://xxxxxxxx.ngrok.io -> http://localhost:3000 Connections ttl opn rt1 rt5 p50 p90 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

   Important: Note the https forwarding URL (e.g., https://xxxxxxxx.ngrok.io). This is your public URL. Use the https version. You will need this URL soon. Keep ngrok running.

2. Get Plivo Credentials and Number:

   • Log in to your Plivo Console.
   • Auth ID & Auth Token: Find these on the main dashboard page. Copy them and paste them into your .env file for PLIVO_AUTH_ID and PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN.
   • Plivo Number:
     • If you don't have one, navigate to Phone Numbers -> Buy Numbers. Search for a number in your desired country that has SMS capability enabled. Purchase the number.
     • If you have a number, go to Phone Numbers -> Your Numbers. Find the number you want to use. Ensure it's SMS-enabled.
     • Copy the full number in E.164 format (e.g., +14155551234) and paste it into your .env file for PLIVO_NUMBER.
   • Webhook Secret: Choose a strong, random string (e.g., use a password generator or run openssl rand -hex 16 in your terminal) and paste it into your .env file for PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET. Remember this secret.

3. Create a Plivo Application: A Plivo Application acts as a container for configuration, including webhook URLs.

   • In the Plivo Console, navigate to Messaging -> Applications -> XML.
   • Click Add New Application.
   • Application Name: Give it a descriptive name (e.g., NodeJS Express SMS Handler).
   • Message URL: This is the crucial part. Paste your ngrok https URL followed by your webhook path: [Your Ngrok HTTPS URL]/webhook/plivo/sms. For example: https://xxxxxxxx.ngrok.io/webhook/plivo/sms.
   • Method: Select POST.
   • Default Number App: Set to No.
   • Default Endpoint App: Set to No.
   • Authentication -> Auth Token: Paste the PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET you created in your .env file here. Do not paste your Plivo Auth Token.
   • Authentication -> Auth Method: Select Header. (Plivo will send the signature in the X-Plivo-Signature-V3 header).
   • Leave other fields (like Hangup URL, Fallback URL) blank for now.
   • Click Create Application.

4. Link Plivo Number to the Application:

   • Navigate back to Phone Numbers -> Your Numbers.
   • Click on the Plivo number you want to use for receiving SMS.
   • In the number configuration settings:
     • Application Type: Select XML Application.
     • Plivo Application: Choose the application you just created (e.g., NodeJS Express SMS Handler) from the dropdown list.
   • Click Update Number.

Configuration Check:

• Your Node.js server (node src/server.js) is running.
• ngrok http 3000 is running and shows an active session.
• Your .env file has the correct PLIVO_AUTH_ID, PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN, PLIVO_NUMBER, PORT, and PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET.
• A Plivo Messaging Application is created with the correct ngrok https URL + /webhook/plivo/sms path set as the Message URL (Method: POST) and your PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET configured for header authentication.
• Your Plivo Number is linked to this Plivo Application.

Step 5: Error Handling and Production Logging

Robust applications need proper error handling and logging.

1. Enhance Logging: While console.log is fine for simple development, consider a structured logger like pino or winston for production. They offer log levels, formatting, and easier integration with log management systems.

   Example (Conceptual - using console for simplicity here):

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   // src/server.js (Refined logging within the webhook)
   
   // ... inside app.post('/webhook/plivo/sms', ...) ...
   
   const from_number = request.body.From;
   const to_number = request.body.To;
   const text = request.body.Text;
   const message_uuid = request.body.MessageUUID;
   
   const logPrefix = `[MsgUUID: ${message_uuid || 'N/A'}]`;
   console.log(`${logPrefix} Received Plivo SMS Webhook Request`);
   console.log(`${logPrefix} From: ${from_number}, To: ${to_number}, Text: "${text}"`);
   
   // ... validation ...
   
   try {
       const r = new plivo.Response();
       const reply_params = { src: to_number, dst: from_number };
       const reply_text = `Thank you for your message: "${text}". We received it!`;
       r.addMessage(reply_text, reply_params);
       const xmlResponse = r.toXML();
   
       console.log(`${logPrefix} Generated PlivoXML Response: ${xmlResponse}`);
       response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/xml');
       response.status(200).send(xmlResponse);
       console.log(`${logPrefix} Successfully sent XML reply.`);
   
   } catch (error) {
       console.error(`${logPrefix} Error generating PlivoXML response:`, error);
       // Log the error appropriately (e.g., send to an error tracking service)
       response.status(500).send("Internal Server Error generating response.");
   }

   Adding a unique identifier like the MessageUUID to log lines helps trace a single request's journey through your system.

2. Basic Error Handling Strategy:

   • Webhook Validation Errors: Handled in the Security section (return 403 Forbidden).
   • PlivoXML Generation Errors: The try...catch block around plivo.Response() handles errors during XML creation. Respond with a generic 500 Internal Server Error to Plivo. Avoid sending detailed error messages back in the HTTP response for security reasons, but log them thoroughly on the server.
   • Plivo API Errors (for outbound actions): If your application later makes outbound API calls to Plivo (not just replying via XML), handle potential errors (network issues, invalid credentials, rate limits) using try...catch around the Plivo SDK client calls and implement retries if appropriate.
   • Unhandled Exceptions: Implement a global error handler in Express to catch unexpected errors.
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   // src/server.js (Add near the end, before app.listen)
   
   // Global Error Handler (Basic Example)
   // This should be the LAST middleware added
   app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
       console.error("Unhandled Exception:", err);
       // Avoid leaking stack traces in production responses
       res.status(500).send('Something broke!');
   });

3. Retry Mechanisms (for Plivo Webhooks): Plivo automatically retries sending a webhook if it doesn't receive a timely 2xx response from your server (e.g., due to timeouts or 5xx errors).

   • Idempotency: Ensure your webhook endpoint can safely handle the same message being delivered multiple times. Use the MessageUUID to check if you've already processed this specific message, especially if your handler performs actions beyond just sending an XML reply (like writing to a database). Store processed MessageUUIDs temporarily (e.g., in Redis or a database) with a short Time-To-Live (TTL).

Step 6: Storing SMS Messages in a Database (Optional)

For many real-world applications, you'll want to store message history or related data. While a full database implementation is beyond the scope of this basic webhook guide, here's a conceptual overview.

Why Store Data?

• Maintain conversation history.
• Track message delivery status (using Plivo's status callbacks - requires another webhook).
• Store user profiles or state related to SMS interactions.
• Perform analysis on message volume, response times, etc.

Technology Choice: PostgreSQL with Prisma ORM is a popular and robust choice for Node.js applications. Other options include MongoDB, MySQL, etc.

Conceptual Schema (using Prisma syntax):

// schema.prisma (Conceptual example)

datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql" // Or "mysql", "mongodb", etc.
  url      = env("DATABASE_URL") // Get from environment variables
}

generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client-js"
}

model SmsMessage {
  id            String   @id @default(cuid()) // Unique DB ID
  plivoUuid     String   @unique // Plivo's MessageUUID - index this!
  direction     String   // 'inbound' or 'outbound'
  senderNumber  String
  receiverNumber String
  messageText   String?  // Optional for status updates etc.
  status        String?  // e.g., 'received', 'sent', 'delivered', 'failed' (align with Plivo statuses)
  timestamp     DateTime @default(now()) // Timestamp of event in *our* system
  plivoTimestamp DateTime? // Timestamp from Plivo if available/needed
  createdAt     DateTime @default(now())
  updatedAt     DateTime @updatedAt

  @@index([plivoUuid])
  @@index([senderNumber])
  @@index([receiverNumber])
  @@index([timestamp])
  @@index([status])
}

Implementation Steps (If adding DB):

1. Install Prisma: npm install prisma @prisma/client --save-dev

2. Initialize Prisma: npx prisma init --datasource-provider postgresql

3. Define Schema: Update prisma/schema.prisma.

4. Set DATABASE_URL: Add your database connection string to .env.

5. Run Migrations: npx prisma migrate dev --name init to create the tables.

6. Generate Client: npx prisma generate

7. Use Prisma Client: Import PrismaClient and use it in your webhook handler to save messages:

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   // src/server.js (Conceptual - inside webhook handler)
   const { PrismaClient } = require('@prisma/client');
   const prisma = new PrismaClient();
   
   // ... inside app.post('/webhook/plivo/sms', ...) ...
   const message_uuid = request.body.MessageUUID;
   const logPrefix = `[MsgUUID: ${message_uuid || 'N/A'}]`;
   
   // --- Idempotency Check (Example) ---
   if (message_uuid) {
       try {
           const existingMessage = await prisma.smsMessage.findUnique({
               where: { plivoUuid: message_uuid },
           });
   
           if (existingMessage) {
               console.log(`${logPrefix} Message already processed (UUID: ${message_uuid}). Skipping DB write, sending reply.`);
               // Still need to send XML reply if required by Plivo flow
               // ... generate and send XML reply ...
               return; // Stop further processing for this request
           }
       } catch (dbError) {
            console.error(`${logPrefix} Database error checking for existing message:`, dbError);
            // Decide how to proceed: maybe attempt reply anyway, or return 500?
            // For now, we'll proceed cautiously but log the error.
       }
   } else {
        console.warn(`${logPrefix} No MessageUUID received. Cannot perform idempotency check.`);
        // Decide if processing without UUID is acceptable for your use case.
   }
   
   // --- Save inbound message (Example) ---
   try {
       await prisma.smsMessage.create({
           data: {
               plivoUuid: message_uuid || `no-uuid-${Date.now()}`, // Handle missing UUID if necessary
               direction: 'inbound',
               senderNumber: from_number,
               receiverNumber: to_number,
               messageText: text,
               status: 'received', // Initial status
               // timestamp: new Date() // Handled by @default(now())
               // plivoTimestamp: request.body.Timestamp ? new Date(request.body.Timestamp) : null // If Plivo sends one
           }
       });
       console.log(`${logPrefix} Inbound message saved to database.`);
   } catch (dbError) {
        console.error(`${logPrefix} Database error saving inbound message:`, dbError);
        // Decide if you should still attempt to reply or return 500
   }
   
   // ... proceed with PlivoXML reply generation and sending ...

Step 7: Securing Your SMS Webhook with Signature Validation

Securing your webhook endpoint is critical.

1. Webhook Signature Validation (Essential): Plivo signs incoming webhook requests using the secret you provided (PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET) when setting up the Plivo Application. Your application must validate this signature to ensure the request is authentic and hasn't been tampered with.

   • Create Validation Middleware (src/middleware/validatePlivoWebhook.js):
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   // src/middleware/validatePlivoWebhook.js
   
   const plivo = require('plivo');
   
   const validatePlivoWebhook = (req, res, next) => {
       // Retrieve headers (use lowercase for NodeJS compatibility)
       const plivoSignature = req.header('x-plivo-signature-v3') || '';
       const nonce = req.header('x-plivo-signature-v3-nonce') || '';
       const webhookSecret = process.env.PLIVO_WEBHOOK_SECRET;
   
       // Construct the full URL Plivo used to send the request
       // Note: This might need adjustment based on your proxy/load balancer setup
       const protocol = req.protocol; // 'http' or 'https' (check if behind proxy)
       const host = req.get('host');   // e.g., 'xxxxxxxx.ngrok.io' or 'yourdomain.com'
       const path = req.originalUrl; // e.g., '/webhook/plivo/sms'
       const fullUrl = `${protocol}://${host}${path}`;
   
       console.log(`Validating webhook: URL='${fullUrl}', Nonce='${nonce}', Signature='${plivoSignature}'`);
   
       if (!plivoSignature || !nonce || !webhookSecret) {
           console.warn("Webhook validation failed: Missing signature, nonce, or secret.");
           // Send 403 Forbidden, DO NOT proceed
           return res.status(403).send('Forbidden: Missing validation headers or secret.');
       }
   
       try {
           // Use the Plivo SDK's utility function
           const isValid = plivo.validateV3Signature(
               fullUrl,
               nonce,
               plivoSignature,
               webhookSecret
           );
   
           if (isValid) {
               console.log("Webhook signature is valid.");
               next(); // Signature is good, proceed to the main route handler
           } else {
               console.warn("Webhook validation failed: Invalid signature.");
               res.status(403).send('Forbidden: Invalid signature.'); // Send 403 Forbidden
           }
       } catch (error) {
           console.error("Error during webhook validation:", error);
           res.status(500).send('Internal Server Error during validation.'); // Server error during check
       }
   };
   
   module.exports = validatePlivoWebhook;

   Important Note on URL Construction: Pay close attention to the URL construction (fullUrl). If your application runs behind a reverse proxy or load balancer, req.protocol, req.get('host'), and req.originalUrl might not reflect the original URL Plivo used. You may need to configure your proxy to forward the correct headers (like X-Forwarded-Proto, X-Forwarded-Host) and adjust the middleware to use them. Incorrect URL calculation is a common cause of validation failures in production.

   • Apply Middleware in server.js:
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   // src/server.js
   
   // ... other imports ...
   const validatePlivoWebhook = require('./middleware/validatePlivoWebhook'); // Import middleware
   
   // ... app setup ...
   app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true })); // Make sure body parsing happens *before* validation if needed by validation logic (not strictly needed for Plivo v3 sig)
   
   // --- Webhook Endpoint with Validation ---
   // Apply the middleware *before* the main route handler
   app.post('/webhook/plivo/sms', validatePlivoWebhook, (request, response) => {
       // If execution reaches here, the signature was valid.
       const from_number = request.body.From;
       const to_number = request.body.To;
       const text = request.body.Text;
       const message_uuid = request.body.MessageUUID;
       const logPrefix = `[MsgUUID: ${message_uuid || 'N/A'}]`;
   
       console.log(`${logPrefix} Webhook validated. Processing message...`);
       console.log(`${logPrefix} From: ${from_number}, To: ${to_number}, Text: "${text}"`);
   
       // ... your existing PlivoXML reply logic ...
       try {
           const r = new plivo.Response();
           const reply_params = { src: to_number, dst: from_number };
           const reply_text = `Thank you for your message: "${text}". We received it!`;
           r.addMessage(reply_text, reply_params);
           const xmlResponse = r.toXML();
   
           console.log(`${logPrefix} Generated PlivoXML Response: ${xmlResponse}`);
           response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/xml');
           response.status(200).send(xmlResponse);
           console.log(`${logPrefix} Successfully sent XML reply.`);
   
       } catch (error) {
           console.error(`${logPrefix} Error generating PlivoXML response:`, error);
           response.status(500).send("Internal Server Error generating response.");
       }
   });
   
   // ... Global Error Handler and app.listen ...

   Why Validate? Without validation, anyone could send fake requests to your webhook URL, potentially triggering unwanted actions, exhausting resources, or attempting to exploit your application. Signature validation ensures that only legitimate requests originating from Plivo (and signed with your secret) are processed.