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Sent TeamMar 8, 2026 / code examples / Article

MessageBird Bulk SMS Tutorial: Build Broadcasting System with Node.js & Express

Build a scalable bulk SMS system with MessageBird API, Express.js, and PostgreSQL. Handle 50-recipient batches, retries, and job tracking. Production-ready tutorial.

Build a production-ready bulk SMS broadcasting system using the MessageBird API with Node.js and Express.js. This tutorial shows you how to create a scalable SMS API that handles thousands of recipients, implements batch processing (50 recipients per batch), includes retry logic, and tracks delivery status with PostgreSQL.

You'll implement a complete bulk SMS solution with job tracking, webhook integration, error handling, and status monitoring – solving the challenge of reliably notifying large user groups without overwhelming your infrastructure or the MessageBird API.

Technologies Used:

  • Node.js: JavaScript runtime for server-side applications
  • Express.js: Minimal web application framework for Node.js
  • MessageBird: Communication platform API for SMS, Voice, and WhatsApp (using SMS API and Node.js SDK)
  • PostgreSQL: Open-source relational database for tracking jobs and recipient status
  • Prisma: Modern database toolkit simplifying database access and migrations
  • dotenv: Environment variable loader
  • winston: Structured logging library
  • async-retry: Retry logic implementation
  • express-rate-limit: API rate limiting middleware
  • helmet: Security headers middleware
  • express-validator: Input validation middleware

System Architecture:

mermaid
graph LR
    A[Client/User] -- API Request (POST /api/broadcast/sms) --> B(Express API Server);
    B -- Validate Request & Create Job --> C{Database (PostgreSQL)};
    B -- Batch Recipients & Send (Async) --> D(Messaging Service);
    D -- Uses MessageBird SDK --> E[MessageBird API];
    E -- Sends SMS --> F((Recipients));
    E -- Sends Status Webhook --> B;
    B -- Updates Job/Recipient Status --> C;
    G[Monitoring/Logging] -- Observes --> B;
    G -- Observes --> C;

(Note: Mermaid diagram rendering depends on the platform displaying this article.)

How It Works:

  1. Your client sends a POST request to /api/broadcast/sms with recipients and message content
  2. The Express API validates the request and creates a job in PostgreSQL
  3. The Messaging Service splits recipients into 50-person batches
  4. Each batch is sent to MessageBird API with exponential backoff retry logic
  5. MessageBird sends the SMS to recipients and returns delivery status
  6. Webhooks notify your server of delivery events
  7. The database updates job and recipient statuses
  8. Winston logs all operations for monitoring and debugging

Prerequisites:

Before starting, ensure you have:

  • Node.js 14+ and npm (or yarn) installed on your system
  • A MessageBird account with an API Access Key (get your key here)
  • PostgreSQL 12+ database access
  • Basic familiarity with Node.js, Express, and REST APIs
  • Docker installed (optional, for easier database setup)

What You'll Build:

  1. A functional Express.js application with proper structure
  2. An API endpoint (/api/broadcast/sms) for triggering bulk SMS campaigns
  3. MessageBird integration sending SMS efficiently in 50-recipient batches
  4. Database persistence tracking broadcast jobs and recipient statuses
  5. Security measures including API key authentication, rate limiting, and input validation
  6. Robust error handling with exponential backoff retry logic
  7. Structured logging with Winston for monitoring and debugging
  8. Deployment-ready configuration with graceful shutdown

Time Estimate: 2–3 hours | Skill Level: Intermediate

Set Up Your Bulk SMS Broadcasting Project

Initialize your Node.js project and configure the basic structure and dependencies. By the end of this section, you'll have a complete project skeleton with all required dependencies and a running Express server.

  1. Create Project Directory:

    bash
    mkdir node-messagebird-bulk-sms
cd node-messagebird-bulk-sms

  2. Initialize Node.js Project:

    bash
    npm init -y

  3. Install Core Dependencies:

    bash
    npm install express dotenv messagebird @prisma/client winston async-retry express-rate-limit helmet express-validator
    • express: Web framework
    • dotenv: Environment variable loader
    • messagebird: Official MessageBird Node.js SDK
    • @prisma/client: Prisma database client
    • winston: Structured logging
    • async-retry: Retry mechanism
    • express-rate-limit: API rate limiting
    • helmet: Security headers
    • express-validator: Input validation

  4. Install Development Dependencies:

    bash
    npm install -D nodemon prisma jest supertest nock
    • nodemon: Auto-restart server during development
    • prisma: Prisma CLI tool
    • jest, supertest, nock: Testing tools for unit, integration, and E2E tests

  5. Set up Project Structure: Create the following directories and files:

    text
    node-messagebird-bulk-sms/
├── prisma/
│   └── schema.prisma
├── src/
│   ├── controllers/
│   │   ├── broadcastController.js
│   │   └── webhookController.js
│   ├── routes/
│   │   ├── broadcastRoutes.js
│   │   └── webhookRoutes.js
│   ├── services/
│   │   └── messagingService.js
│   ├── middleware/
│   │   ├── authMiddleware.js
│   │   ├── errorMiddleware.js
│   │   └── webhookVerificationMiddleware.js # Placeholder
│   ├── utils/
│   │   ├── logger.js
│   │   └── prismaClient.js
│   └── app.js
├── tests/ # Optional
│   └── services/
│       └── messagingService.test.js
├── .env
├── .gitignore
├── Dockerfile # Optional
├── package.json
└── server.js

File Responsibilities:

Directory/FilePurpose
prisma/schema.prismaDatabase schema definition and migrations
src/controllers/Request handling and validation logic
src/routes/API endpoint definitions and routing
src/services/Business logic for SMS sending and batch processing
src/middleware/Authentication, error handling, and webhook verification
src/utils/Logging and database client configuration
server.jsApplication entry point with graceful shutdown
src/app.jsExpress configuration and middleware setup

  1. Configure nodemon and Scripts: Update the scripts section in your package.json:

    json
    // package.json
{
  // ... other configurations
  "scripts": {
    "start": "node server.js",
    "dev": "nodemon server.js",
    "test": "jest",
    "prisma:dev": "prisma migrate dev",
    "prisma:deploy": "prisma migrate deploy",
    "prisma:studio": "prisma studio",
    "prisma:generate": "prisma generate"
  }
  // ...
}

  2. Create .gitignore:

    text
    # .gitignore
node_modules/
.env
dist/
npm-debug.log*
yarn-debug.log*
yarn-error.log*
coverage/
prisma/migrations/*.sql # Exclude generated SQL if desired

  3. Set up Basic Express Server (server.js):

    javascript
    // server.js
require('dotenv').config();
const http = require('http');
const app = require('./src/app');
const logger = require('./src/utils/logger');
const prisma = require('./src/utils/prismaClient');

const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;

const server = http.createServer(app);

server.listen(PORT, () => {
  console.log(`Server running on port ${PORT}`);
});

// Graceful shutdown ensures active requests complete and database connections close properly
const signals = {
  'SIGHUP': 1, 'SIGINT': 2, 'SIGTERM': 15
};

Object.keys(signals).forEach((signal) => {
  process.on(signal, () => {
    logger.info(`Received ${signal}, closing HTTP server...`);
    server.close(() => {
      logger.info('HTTP server closed.');
      prisma.$disconnect().then(() => {
          logger.info('Database connection closed.');
          process.exit(128 + signals[signal]);
      }).catch(err => {
          logger.error('Error disconnecting database:', err);
          process.exit(1);
      });
    });
  });
});

  4. Configure Express Application (src/app.js):

    javascript
    // src/app.js
const express = require('express');
const helmet = require('helmet');
const broadcastRoutes = require('./routes/broadcastRoutes');
const webhookRoutes = require('./routes/webhookRoutes'); // Add webhook routes
const { errorMiddleware } = require('./middleware/errorMiddleware');
const logger = require('./utils/logger');
const prisma = require('./utils/prismaClient'); // Needed for health check

const app = express();

// Security Middleware protects against XSS, clickjacking, MIME sniffing, etc.
app.use(helmet());
// Configure 'trust proxy' if behind a load balancer/proxy (AWS ELB, nginx) for accurate rate limiting
// app.set('trust proxy', 1);

// Body Parsers
app.use(express.json({ limit: '1mb' })); // Adjust limit as needed
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }));

// Request Logging Middleware
app.use((req, res, next) => {
  logger.info(`${req.method} ${req.originalUrl}`, { ip: req.ip });
  res.on('finish', () => {
    logger.info(`${res.statusCode} ${res.statusMessage}; ${res.get('Content-Length') || 0}b sent`, { url: req.originalUrl });
  });
  next();
});

// Health Check Endpoint
app.get('/health', async (req, res) => {
  try {
    // Optional: Check DB connection
    await prisma.$queryRaw`SELECT 1`;
    res.status(200).json({ status: 'UP', timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), database: 'connected' });
  } catch (dbError) {
    logger.error('Health check failed - database connection error:', dbError);
    res.status(503).json({ status: 'DOWN', timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), database: 'disconnected', error: dbError.message });
  }
});

// API Routes
app.use('/api/broadcast', broadcastRoutes);
app.use('/webhooks', webhookRoutes); // Register webhook routes

// Centralized Error Handling Middleware (must be last)
app.use(errorMiddleware);

module.exports = app;

  5. Environment Variables (.env):

    Create a .env file in the root directory. Add .env to .gitignore to protect sensitive credentials.

    env
    # .env

# Server Configuration
PORT=3000
NODE_ENV=development # development, production
LOG_LEVEL=info # debug, info, warn, error

# MessageBird Configuration
MESSAGEBIRD_API_KEY=YOUR_LIVE_MESSAGEBIRD_API_KEY
MESSAGEBIRD_ORIGINATOR=YourSenderID
MESSAGEBIRD_WEBHOOK_SIGNING_KEY=YOUR_MESSAGEBIRD_WEBHOOK_SECRET # For webhook verification

# Database Configuration (Prisma standard)
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/bulk_sms?schema=public"

# Security
INTERNAL_API_KEY=a_very_secret_key_for_internal_use

How to Get Your MessageBird Credentials:

  1. Sign up at MessageBird Dashboard
  2. Navigate to Developers → API Access
  3. Copy your Live API Key (starts with live_)
  4. Configure your sender ID (alphanumeric, max 11 characters, or phone number)
  5. Generate a webhook signing key for webhook verification

Security Notes:

  • Never commit .env to version control
  • Use different API keys for development and production
  • Rotate API keys regularly
  • Use environment-specific secrets management in production (AWS Secrets Manager, HashiCorp Vault)

  1. Setup Logging (src/utils/logger.js):

    javascript
    // src/utils/logger.js
const winston = require('winston');

const logger = winston.createLogger({
  level: process.env.LOG_LEVEL || 'info',
  format: winston.format.combine(
    winston.format.timestamp({ format: 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss' }),
    winston.format.errors({ stack: true }), // Log stack traces
    winston.format.splat(),
    winston.format.json() // Essential for log aggregation tools
  ),
  defaultMeta: { service: 'bulk-sms-service' }, // Optional metadata
  transports: [
    // In production, consider transports for file rotation or sending to log services
    // new winston.transports.File({ filename: 'error.log', level: 'error' }),
    // new winston.transports.File({ filename: 'combined.log' }),
  ],
   // Log unhandled exceptions and rejections
   exceptionHandlers: [
     new winston.transports.Console({ // Also log exceptions to console
         format: winston.format.combine(winston.format.colorize(), winston.format.simple())
     }),
     // new winston.transports.File({ filename: 'exceptions.log' })
   ],
   rejectionHandlers: [
      new winston.transports.Console({ // Also log rejections to console
         format: winston.format.combine(winston.format.colorize(), winston.format.simple())
     }),
      // new winston.transports.File({ filename: 'rejections.log' })
   ]
});

// If we're not in production then log to the `console` with the format:
// `${info.level}: ${info.message} JSON.stringify({ ...rest }) `
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
  logger.add(new winston.transports.Console({
    format: winston.format.combine(
      winston.format.colorize(),
      winston.format.printf(({ level, message, timestamp, stack, ...metadata }) => {
         let msg = `${timestamp} ${level}: ${message}`;
         if (stack) {
             msg += `\n${stack}`;
         }
         if (Object.keys(metadata).length > 0) {
             // Only stringify if metadata is not empty and not just defaultMeta
             const filteredMeta = Object.keys(metadata)
                .filter(key => key !== 'service') // Exclude defaultMeta if needed
                .reduce((obj, key) => { obj[key] = metadata[key]; return obj; }, {});
             if (Object.keys(filteredMeta).length > 0) {
                msg += ` ${JSON.stringify(filteredMeta)}`;
             }
         }
         return msg;
     })
    )
  }));
}

module.exports = logger;

Log Levels:

  • error – System failures requiring immediate attention
  • warn – Issues that don't stop execution but need review
  • info – General application events (default)
  • debug – Detailed diagnostic information

Production Logging: Integrate with CloudWatch, DataDog, or LogDNA by adding Winston transports for your chosen service.

  1. Setup Prisma Client (src/utils/prismaClient.js):

    javascript
    // src/utils/prismaClient.js
const { PrismaClient } = require('@prisma/client');
const logger = require('./logger');

const prisma = new PrismaClient({
    log: [
        { emit: 'event', level: 'query' },
        { emit: 'stdout', level: 'info' },
        { emit: 'stdout', level: 'warn' },
        { emit: 'stdout', level: 'error' },
    ],
});

// Optional: Log Prisma queries
prisma.$on('query', (e) => {
  logger.debug(`Query: ${e.query}`, { params: e.params, duration: e.duration });
});

module.exports = prisma;

Implement the Bulk SMS Sending Service

This service handles the core SMS sending logic with batch processing, retry mechanisms, and database updates. The design splits large recipient lists into 50-person batches to comply with MessageBird API limits and implements exponential backoff for transient failures.

  1. Create Messaging Service (src/services/messagingService.js):

    javascript
    // src/services/messagingService.js
const { initClient } = require('messagebird');
const retry = require('async-retry');
const prisma = require('../utils/prismaClient');
const logger = require('../utils/logger');

// Initialize MessageBird client
let messagebird;
try {
    if (!process.env.MESSAGEBIRD_API_KEY) {
        throw new Error('MESSAGEBIRD_API_KEY environment variable not set.');
    }
    messagebird = initClient(process.env.MESSAGEBIRD_API_KEY);
    logger.info('MessageBird client initialized successfully.');
} catch (error) {
    logger.error('Failed to initialize MessageBird client:', error);
    // Throwing allows higher-level handling (e.g., prevent app start or log critical error)
    // process.exit(1); // Avoid process.exit in modules if possible
    throw error; // Let the main application handler decide how to proceed
}

// MessageBird allows up to 50 recipients per API call
const BATCH_SIZE = 50;

/**
 * Send SMS to a batch of recipients using MessageBird.
 * @param {string[]} batchRecipients - Recipient phone numbers (max 50)
 * @param {string} messageBody - SMS message content
 * @param {string} originator - Sender ID (phone number or alphanumeric, max 11 chars)
 * @returns {Promise<object>} - MessageBird API response
 */
async function sendBatch(batchRecipients, messageBody, originator) {
    const params = {
        originator: originator,
        recipients: batchRecipients,
        body: messageBody,
        // reference: Can be added here if needed for webhook correlation, e.g. `job-${jobId}-batch-${batchIndex}`
        // Ensure jobId and batchIndex are passed to sendBatch if using reference.
    };

    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        if (!messagebird) {
             // This should ideally not happen if initialization check is robust
             return reject(new Error('MessageBird client not initialized.'));
        }
        messagebird.messages.create(params, (err, response) => {
            if (err) {
                logger.error('MessageBird API Error:', { code: err.code, message: err.message, errors: err.errors });
                // Attach recipient info to the error for better debugging in retry logic
                err.recipients = batchRecipients;
                return reject(err);
            }
            // The response.id here is typically for the overall batch request.
            // Individual message tracking often relies on webhooks carrying specific message IDs.
            logger.info(`Batch sent successfully via MessageBird. Batch Response ID: ${response?.id}`);
            resolve(response); // Contains details including recipient statuses
        });
    });
}

/**
 * Send SMS to multiple recipients with batch processing and retries.
 * @param {number} broadcastJobId - Broadcast job ID in database
 * @param {string[]} recipients - All recipient phone numbers
 * @param {string} messageBody - SMS message content
 * @param {string} originator - Sender ID
 * @returns {Promise<void>}
 */
async function sendBulkSms(broadcastJobId, recipients, messageBody, originator) {
     logger.info(`Starting bulk SMS send for job ID: ${broadcastJobId}. Total recipients: ${recipients.length}`, { jobId: broadcastJobId });

    let successfulBatches = 0;
    let failedBatches = 0;

    for (let i = 0; i < recipients.length; i += BATCH_SIZE) {
        const batch = recipients.slice(i, i + BATCH_SIZE);
        const batchIndex = Math.floor(i / BATCH_SIZE) + 1;
         logger.info(`Processing batch ${batchIndex} with ${batch.length} recipients.`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex });

        try {
             await retry(
                async (bail, attemptNumber) => {
                     logger.info(`Attempt ${attemptNumber} for batch ${batchIndex}`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, attempt: attemptNumber });
                     try {
                        const response = await sendBatch(batch, messageBody, originator);

                        // --- Database Update Logic ---
                        if (response && response.recipients && response.recipients.items) {
                            const updates = response.recipients.items.map(item => ({
                                where: {
                                    broadcastJobId_phoneNumber: {
                                        broadcastJobId: broadcastJobId,
                                        phoneNumber: String(item.recipient) // Ensure string comparison
                                    }
                                },
                                data: {
                                    initialStatus: item.status, // e.g., 'sent', 'scheduled'
                                    statusTimestamp: item.statusDatetime ? new Date(item.statusDatetime) : new Date(),
                                    messageId: response.id // Store batch message ID for reference
                                }
                            }));

                            if (updates.length > 0) {
                                // Perform updates in bulk within a transaction
                                const result = await prisma.$transaction(
                                   updates.map(update => prisma.recipientStatus.update(update))
                                );
                                logger.info(`Successfully processed batch ${batchIndex}. Updated initial status for ${result.length} recipients.`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, count: result.length });
                            } else {
                                 logger.warn(`No recipient status updates to perform for batch ${batchIndex}.`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex });
                            }

                        } else {
                             logger.warn(`No recipient status details found in MessageBird response for batch ${batchIndex}.`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, response });
                        }
                        // --- End Database Update Logic ---

                     } catch (error) {
                         logger.warn(`Error sending batch ${batchIndex} on attempt ${attemptNumber}: ${error.message}`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, attempt: attemptNumber, error });
                         // Decide which errors are retryable (e.g., network, temporary server errors)
                         // MessageBird specific errors might need checking (e.g., 4xx are usually not retryable)
                         const isRetryable = !error.statusCode || error.statusCode >= 500 || (error.code && ['ETIMEDOUT', 'ECONNRESET', 'ECONNREFUSED'].includes(error.code));

                         if (!isRetryable) {
                             logger.error(`Unrecoverable error for batch ${batchIndex}. Stopping retries.`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, error });
                             // Mark recipients as failed immediately
                             try {
                                 await prisma.recipientStatus.updateMany({
                                      where: { broadcastJobId: broadcastJobId, phoneNumber: { in: batch.map(String) }},
                                      data: { initialStatus: 'failed', statusTimestamp: new Date(), errorMessage: `Non-retryable error: ${error.message}` }
                                 });
                                 logger.info(`Marked ${batch.length} recipients as failed due to non-retryable error in batch ${batchIndex}.`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex });
                             } catch (dbError) {
                                 logger.error('Database error updating status for non-retryable batch failure:', { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, dbError });
                             }
                             bail(error); // Stop retrying via async-retry
                             return; // Exit async block
                         }
                         throw error; // Throw error to signal retry library
                     }
                },
                {
                    retries: 3, // Number of retries
                    factor: 2, // Exponential backoff factor
                    minTimeout: 1000, // Initial delay 1s
                    maxTimeout: 5000, // Max delay 5s
                    onRetry: (error, attemptNumber) => {
                         logger.warn(`Retrying batch ${batchIndex} (Attempt ${attemptNumber}) due to error: ${error.message}`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, attempt: attemptNumber });
                    }
                }
            );
            successfulBatches++;

        } catch (error) {
             // This catch block executes only after all retries have failed for a batch
             logger.error(`Failed to send batch ${batchIndex} after multiple retries: ${error.message}`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, error });
             failedBatches++;
             // --- Database Error Update Logic (final failure) ---
              try {
                 await prisma.recipientStatus.updateMany({
                     where: { broadcastJobId: broadcastJobId, phoneNumber: { in: batch.map(String) }},
                     data: { initialStatus: 'failed', statusTimestamp: new Date(), errorMessage: `Failed after retries: ${error.message}` }
                 });
                  logger.warn(`Marked ${batch.length} recipients as failed for batch ${batchIndex} after retries.`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, count: batch.length });
              } catch (dbError) {
                   logger.error('Database error during final batch failure update:', { jobId: broadcastJobId, batch: batchIndex, dbError });
              }
             // --- End Database Error Update Logic ---
             // Continue to the next batch
        }
         // Optional: Add a small delay between batches if hitting external rate limits
         // await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200));
    }

     logger.info(`Finished processing all batches for job ID: ${broadcastJobId}. Successful: ${successfulBatches}, Failed: ${failedBatches}`, { jobId: broadcastJobId });

     // Update overall job status - more sophisticated logic could analyze recipient statuses
     let finalJobStatus = 'processing_complete'; // Indicates sending attempts finished
     if (failedBatches > 0 && successfulBatches === 0) {
         finalJobStatus = 'failed'; // No batches succeeded
     } else if (failedBatches > 0) {
         finalJobStatus = 'partially_failed'; // Some batches failed
     }
     // A true 'completed' status might wait for all final delivery webhooks

     try {
         await prisma.broadcastJob.update({
             where: { id: broadcastJobId },
             data: { status: finalJobStatus, completedAt: new Date() } // Mark completion time
         });
         logger.info(`Updated final job status for job ${broadcastJobId} to '${finalJobStatus}'`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, status: finalJobStatus });
     } catch (dbError) {
          logger.error(`Failed to update final job status for job ${broadcastJobId}:`, { jobId: broadcastJobId, dbError });
     }
}

module.exports = {
    sendBulkSms,
};

Retry Configuration Explained:

ParameterValueWhy
retries3Allows up to 4 total attempts (1 initial + 3 retries)
factor2Exponential backoff: 1s → 2s → 4s delays
minTimeout1000 msInitial delay before first retry
maxTimeout5000 msCap on delay to prevent excessive waits

Error Classification:

  • Retryable (5xx, network errors): Temporary failures, retry with backoff
  • Non-retryable (4xx): Invalid phone numbers, authentication issues – fail immediately

Throughput: With 50-recipient batches and 3-second average API response, expect ~1,000 messages/minute. Adjust batch delays if you hit MessageBird rate limits.

Build the API Layer

Create RESTful endpoints for triggering SMS broadcasts and checking job status. The API follows standard REST conventions: POST for creating jobs, GET for retrieving status.

  1. Create Authentication Middleware (src/middleware/authMiddleware.js):

    javascript
    // src/middleware/authMiddleware.js
const logger = require('../utils/logger');

function apiKeyAuth(req, res, next) {
    const apiKey = req.headers['x-api-key'];
    const expectedApiKey = process.env.INTERNAL_API_KEY;

    if (!expectedApiKey) {
         logger.error('INTERNAL_API_KEY is not set in environment variables. API is insecure.');
         // Avoid exposing internal configuration details in the response
         return res.status(500).json({ message: 'Internal Server Error' });
    }

    if (!apiKey || apiKey !== expectedApiKey) {
        logger.warn('Unauthorized API access attempt denied.', { ip: req.ip, keyProvided: !!apiKey });
        return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Unauthorized' }); // Keep it simple
    }

    next(); // API Key is valid
}

module.exports = { apiKeyAuth };

Why API Key Authentication? This tutorial uses simple API key authentication for clarity. For production systems handling sensitive data, consider JWT tokens or OAuth 2.0. Add rate limiting with express-rate-limit to prevent abuse:

javascript
const rateLimit = require('express-rate-limit');

const limiter = rateLimit({
  windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes
  max: 100 // limit each IP to 100 requests per window
});

app.use('/api/broadcast', limiter);

  1. Create Broadcast Controller (src/controllers/broadcastController.js):

    javascript
    // src/controllers/broadcastController.js
const { validationResult, body } = require('express-validator');
const { sendBulkSms } = require('../services/messagingService');
const prisma = require('../utils/prismaClient');
const logger = require('../utils/logger');

// Validation rules
const validateBroadcastRequest = [
    body('recipients').isArray({ min: 1 }).withMessage('Recipients must be a non-empty array.'),
    // Validate E.164 format: +[country code][number], 7–15 digits total
    body('recipients.*')
       .isString().withMessage('Each recipient must be a string.')
       .trim()
       .matches(/^\+[1-9]\d{1,14}$/).withMessage('Invalid phone number. Use E.164 format (e.g., +14155552671).'),
    body('messageBody').isString().trim().notEmpty().withMessage('Message body cannot be empty.'),
    body('originator').optional().isString().trim().notEmpty().isLength({ max: 11 }).withMessage('Originator must be a non-empty string up to 11 characters if provided.')
];

/**
 * Handle POST request to send bulk SMS.
 */
async function handleSendBulkSms(req, res, next) {
    const errors = validationResult(req);
    if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
        logger.warn('Broadcast request validation failed.', { errors: errors.array() });
        return res.status(400).json({ errors: errors.array() });
    }

    const { recipients, messageBody } = req.body;
    // Use originator from request body or fallback to env var
    const originator = req.body.originator || process.env.MESSAGEBIRD_ORIGINATOR;

    if (!originator) {
         logger.error('Originator is missing. Configure MESSAGEBIRD_ORIGINATOR env var or provide in request.');
         return res.status(400).json({ message: 'Originator must be provided either in the request body or as MESSAGEBIRD_ORIGINATOR environment variable.' });
    }

    // Deduplicate recipients
    const uniqueRecipients = [...new Set(recipients.map(r => r.trim()))]; // Trim before deduplicating
    if (uniqueRecipients.length !== recipients.length) {
        logger.info(`Duplicate recipients removed. Original: ${recipients.length}, Unique: ${uniqueRecipients.length}`);
    }

    let broadcastJob;
    try {
        // 1. Create Broadcast Job and Recipient Status records in DB
         broadcastJob = await prisma.broadcastJob.create({
            data: {
                messageBody: messageBody,
                originator: originator,
                status: 'pending', // Initial status
                totalRecipients: uniqueRecipients.length,
                recipients: {
                    create: uniqueRecipients.map(phone => ({
                        phoneNumber: String(phone), // Ensure string
                        initialStatus: 'pending'
                     }))
                }
            },
             // include: { recipients: true } // Avoid including all recipients by default
        });

        logger.info(`Created broadcast job ${broadcastJob.id} with ${uniqueRecipients.length} unique recipients.`, { jobId: broadcastJob.id });

        // 2. Trigger async sending (DO NOT await here)
        // Use setImmediate or process.nextTick to ensure response is sent before heavy processing starts
        setImmediate(() => {
            sendBulkSms(broadcastJob.id, uniqueRecipients, messageBody, originator)
                .catch(error => {
                    // Catch errors specifically from the async sendBulkSms invocation
                    logger.error(`Background processing initiation failed for job ${broadcastJob.id}:`, { jobId: broadcastJob.id, error });
                    // Update job status to reflect failure during processing start
                    prisma.broadcastJob.update({
                        where: { id: broadcastJob.id },
                        data: { status: 'failed_to_start', errorMessage: error.message || 'Unknown error during async start' }
                    }).catch(dbError => logger.error('DB error updating job status on async start failure:', { jobId: broadcastJob.id, dbError }));
                });
        });

        // 3. Respond immediately
        res.status(202).json({
            message: 'Broadcast job accepted and is being processed.',
            jobId: broadcastJob.id,
            status: 'pending',
            recipientCount: uniqueRecipients.length
        });

    } catch (error) {
        logger.error('Error creating broadcast job or initiating send:', { error });
         // Handle potential DB errors during job creation
         if (broadcastJob && broadcastJob.id) {
             // Attempt to mark the job as failed if it was partially created
             try {
                 await prisma.broadcastJob.update({
                    where: { id: broadcastJob.id },
                    data: { status: 'failed', errorMessage: 'Failed during job creation/initiation: ' + error.message }
                 });
             } catch (dbUpdateError) {
                 logger.error('DB error updating job status after initial creation failure:', { jobId: broadcastJob.id, dbUpdateError });
             }
         }
        next(error); // Pass to central error handler
    }
}

 /**
 * Handle GET request to check job status.
 */
async function handleGetJobStatus(req, res, next) {
    const jobId = parseInt(req.params.jobId, 10);
    if (isNaN(jobId)) {
        return res.status(400).json({ message: 'Invalid Job ID format.' });
    }

    try {
        const job = await prisma.broadcastJob.findUnique({
            where: { id: jobId },
            include: {
                // Optionally include summary counts of recipient statuses
                _count: {
                    select: { recipients: true }
                },
                // Example: Include counts per status (more advanced)
                // recipients: {
                //     select: { finalStatus: true }, // Assuming you have a finalStatus field updated by webhooks
                // }
            }
        });

        if (!job) {
            logger.warn(`Job status requested for non-existent job ID: ${jobId}`);
            return res.status(404).json({ message: `Job with ID ${jobId} not found.` });
        }

        // // Example: Aggregate recipient statuses if needed (can be slow for large jobs)
        // let statusSummary = {};
        // if (job.recipients) {
        //     statusSummary = job.recipients.reduce((acc, recipient) => {
        //         const status = recipient.finalStatus || recipient.initialStatus || 'unknown';
        //         acc[status] = (acc[status] || 0) + 1;
        //         return acc;
        //     }, {});
        // }

        res.status(200).json({
            jobId: job.id,
            status: job.status,
            totalRecipients: job.totalRecipients,
            createdAt: job.createdAt,
            completedAt: job.completedAt,
            // recipientStatusCount: statusSummary, // Include aggregated counts if calculated
            recipientCount: job._count?.recipients, // Total count from _count
            errorMessage: job.errorMessage
        });

    } catch (error) {
        logger.error(`Error fetching status for job ID ${jobId}:`, { jobId, error });
        next(error); // Pass to central error handler
    }
}

module.exports = {
    validateBroadcastRequest,
    handleSendBulkSms,
    handleGetJobStatus
};

Async Processing vs. Message Queues:

This tutorial uses setImmediate() for simplicity. For production systems with high volume:

  • Use Bull or BullMQ with Redis for durable job queues
  • Separate worker processes for better fault isolation
  • Add job prioritization for urgent messages
  • Implement dead letter queues for failed jobs

Pagination for Large Jobs: For jobs with 10,000+ recipients, implement pagination on the status endpoint:

javascript
const page = parseInt(req.query.page) || 1;
const limit = parseInt(req.query.limit) || 100;
const skip = (page - 1) * limit;

const recipients = await prisma.recipientStatus.findMany({
  where: { broadcastJobId: jobId },
  skip,
  take: limit
});
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